?????????????????

????????????????????
????????????????????; Republik Indonesia (???????????)
	?????? ??????????
	??????: ????????????????? (???????); ("?????????????????????????"); ?????????????????: ???????
	????????: "???????????????"; ("??????????????????????")
?????????	???????? (????????); ????????? (??????????????????????); 6°10′S 106°49′E? / ?6.167°S 106.817°E
????????????	????????
??????????; ????????????????	???????????
????????????????	??????? 700 ????
???????????????	??????? 1,300 ???????????????
????? (?.?. 2018)	86.70% ??????; 10.72% ??????; 1.74% ?????; 0.77% ????; 0.03% ???????????; 0.4% ?????????/???? ?;
???????	??????????????
?????????	????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????
? ????????????	??????? ?????????
? ???????????????	?????? ????????? ????
? ????????????????????	????? ????????
? ???????????????	???????? ??????????
??????????????	?????? (MPR)
? ??????	????????????????????? (DPD)
? ???????	???????????????? (DPR)
?????????? ???????????????
? ??????	17 ??????? ?.?. 1945
? ???????????????	27 ??????? ?.?. 1949
???????
? ???????	1,904,569 ????????????? (735,358 ?????????) (14th)
? ??????? (%)	4.85
???????
? ????????????? ?.?. 2020	270,203,917 (????????? 4)
? ???????????	141 ???????????????? (365.2 ????????????) (????????? 88)
?????? (?????????)	?.?. 2022 (??????)
? ???	3.995 ???????????????????? (????????? 7)
? ??????	14,535 ???????????? (????????? 96)
?????? (????????)	?.?. 2022 (??????)
? ???	1.289 ???????????????????? (????????? 17)
? ??????	4,691 ???????????? (????????? 104)
???? (?.?. 2019)	38.2; ???????
??????? (?.?. 2021)	0.705; ??? · ????????? 114
????????	??????????????????? (Rp) (IDR)
???????	UTC+7 ??? +9 (????????)
????????????	??/??/????
??????	220 ?????–50 ??????
?????????	????
????????????	+62
???? ISO 3166	ID
??????????	.id

百度 ”让分娩变成一场“姨妈痛”是同济梧桐树·分娩镇痛团队的心愿。

5°S 120°E? / ?5°S 120°E? / -5; 120

??????????? (???????????: Indonesia) ????????????????? ???????????????????? (???????????: Republik Indonesia) ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Kalimantan), ?????????????????????????????????????????? (Papua) ???????????????-????????????????? ???????????????????? ? ?????? ????????, ????????, ??????????, ??????????, ?????, ?????????? (???????????????????????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? 14 ????????????????? 1,904,569 ????????????? (735,358 ?????????) ??????????????? 280 ??????^[11] ???????????????????????????????????????? 4 ?????? ???????????????????????????????????^[12] ????????????????????????????????????????????^[13]^[14]^[15]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? 38 ??????? ??? 9 ??????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[16]^[17] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[18] ???????????????????????????????????????????^[19] (?????? 17,000 ????)

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 7 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 350 ??^[20]^[21] ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20 ????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1945 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1949 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[22] ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????^[23]^[24] ??????????????? "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"^[25] ("Unity in Diversity" ??????????? "??????????????????????????")^[26] ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? 16 ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????? 7 ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[27] ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????, ????????????????, ????? 20, ??????????????????????, ????????????????????????????????????????, ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????

?????????????

?????????? Indonesia ??????????????????????????????? ?????? (?νδ??) ???????? (ν?σο?) ??????????? "???????????????"^[28] ???????? Indonesia ??????????????????????????????????????????????? 18 ???????????????????????????? ????? ?.?. 1850 ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????? Indunesians ??????? "????????????????????????????????"^[29]

??????? ?.?. 1900 ???? Indonesia ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? Indonesia ??????????????????????????? Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels

?????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 301 ?? ????????????? 1942 ????????????????????????????? 2 ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 1945 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????????) ???? ?? ?????? ????????? (Ki Hajar Dewantara) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? (Linggadjati Agreement) ??????? 1946 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????? 27 ??????? 1949 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1963

??????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1,826,440 ????????????? ???????? 17,000 ???? ??????????? 70% ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????? 5 ??????? ???????, ???, ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5 ???? ??????????????? 60 ?????????????? 200 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? 2,600 ???????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????-?????

?????????

??????????????????????? ?????????? 2 ??? ??? ??????? (??????? - ??????) ???????? (????????? - ??????) ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ? ???? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 70 ??? 90% ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????^[30]

???????????????

????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[31] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 °C (2 °F) ?????????????????????^[32]^[33] ?????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[34] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????^[35]

?????????????????

??????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???? 1998 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? 4 ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????^[36] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[37] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????? 5 ???????????^[38]

????????????????????????????????????????????? (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR) ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? MPR ??????????????????????? (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) ???????????????? 575 ?? ???????????????????????? (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD) ??????? 136 ??^[39]

???????????????????????????

????????? 1999 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????-????????? (PDI-P) ????????????????????????????????????????????? 2019 ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? 7^[40] ?????????????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? (Golkar), ?????????????????????????????? (Gerindra), ??????????????? ???????????????????????? (PKS)

???????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????? 38 ??????? (provinsi) ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????

???????????
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????????????????

????????????????????? 132 ?????? ?????????????? 95 ???????????^[41] ?????????????????????????????????? "????????????????" ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????) ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[42]^[43] ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[44]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1950 ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (NAM) ??????????????????????????? (OIC) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? (WTO) ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????-???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 18 ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1966^[45]^[46]^[47] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2019^[48]

??????

????????????????? (TNI) ?????????????? (TNI–AD) ?????????? (TNI–AL ????????????????????) ?????????????? (TNI–AU) ????????????????????????????????? 400,000 ??? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 0.7% ??? GDP ???? 2018 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? 1998 ????????????? TNI ?? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2004^[49]

????????

?????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? 1980–84 ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???? ? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 75 ???????????? ???????

???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ? ???? ???????????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????

???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????

??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? 1997–98 ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????^[50] ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????^[51] ??????????????????????????????^[52] ?????????????????? ??????^[53] ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????

?????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? 250 ?????? ???????????????????????????^[54] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? 2016 ?????????????????????????????????????????? 5.2% ?????????^[55]

????????????????????????????? 537,838 ???????? (334,197 ????) (2016)^[56] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? "??????????????" (TransJakarta) ??????????? 230.9 ???????? (143.5 ????) ?? 13 ???????????????????????????????^[57] ???????? ???? bajaj, becak ???????????????????? (share taxi) ???? Angkot ??? Metromini ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? MRT ??? LRT^[58]^[59] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2015 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[60]

????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????-????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 63 ?????? ???? 2017^[61] ?????????????????????????????? ?? ??? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? "?????????????????" ??????????? 1949 ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[62] ??????????????????????????? 50% ??????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? 0.1% ????????????? 2017^[63] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? "??????"^[64]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????^[65]^[66] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? 5 KAI KF-X.^[67]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN) ????????????????? 1970 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????^[68] ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ?? 1 ????????????????????????????????????? 8 ??????? 1976 ???????????????????????????????? ????????????^[69] ?????????????????????????????????? ??? 16 ??????????????????^[70] ??? LAPAN ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2040^[71]

???????

???? 2017 ????????????????????????????????????????????? 9 ???????????????? 4,200 ?????????-??????? (14.2 ?????????????????????????????) ?????????????????????????????????????? 15 ????????? 2,100 ??????????????????? (7.1 ?????????????????????????????)^[72] ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 22 ?????????????? (3.5 ???????????????????) (????????????????????????? 4 ??????????????) 8 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (CBM) ??????????????????????????????? 28 ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[73]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[74] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[75] ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?? ?????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? 23% ??????? 2025 ??? 31% ??????? 2050 ? ?? 2015 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 55,528.51 ?????????

?????????????????????????????????? Jatiluhur ???????????????????????????????????????????????^[76] ?????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????? 105 ?. (344 ???) ???????????????????? 3.0 ??????????????????? (2.4 ???????????) ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? 186.5 ?????????

?????????????

???????????????????????????????? 28.2 ??????? ?????????????^[77] ???? 2017 ??????????????????????????????? 14.04 ?????? ??????????? 21.8% ????? 2016^[78] ???????????????????????????????????????? 2,009 ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? 2011 ???????????????????? (???????????) ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? (Wonderful Indonesia) ????????????????????????^[79] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? 57% ????????????????????? (225 ???????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 54,716 ???????? (33,999 ????)

???????????????????????????????????????????????? 9 ????^[80]^[81] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? 19 ?????????????????????????????????????????^[82] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? Pagaruyung ?????????????

????????????????????? ???????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????, ??????????????????: ?????????? (Giant padma), ??????????, ?????????????????, ??? ???????????

???????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[83] ?????????????? 17 ????????????????????????????????????????? Conservation International ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[84] ?????????????????? (??????? ??? ????????? ????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????, ???, ??????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? 600 ?????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 36% ????? 1,531 ????????? ??? 39% ??????????????????????? 515 ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? 80,000 ???????? (50,000 ????) ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? 1,650 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[85]^[86]

????????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? (??????????) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? Sunda Shelf ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????????????? 1869 ??????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? (?????????????????????????????????????????????????) ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? (????????? 116 ??? 180 ??????) ?????????????????????????????????????? 2020 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????^[87]

???? 2018 ??????????????????????????? 49.7% ???????????????? ??????? 87% ???? 1950 ???????????? 1970 ??????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? (IUCN) ??????????????????????????? 140 ?????????????????? ?????? 15 ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????

?????????????

??????????????????????? 2020 ????????????????????????????????? 270.2 ?????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? 1.3%^[88] ?????????????????????????????????????^[89] ??????? 56% ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? 141 ?????????????????? (365 ????????????) ??????????????????? 88 ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? 295 ????????????? 2573 ??? 321 ????????????? 2593^[90]

????????????? 54.7% ???????????????????^[91] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? 34 ?????? ???????????????????? 8 ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????^[92]

?????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????? 42% ??????????????? ???????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????? ? ???????????? ? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? 3-4 ??????????????????????????

?????

???????????????????????? (2010)
?????		??????
??????	?	87.2%
??????	?	7.0%
???????	?	2.9%
????	?	0.7%
?????	?	1.7%
????????????? ?	?	0.2%

???? 2018^[93] ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? 87.2% ??????????? 7% ?????????? 2.9% ????????? 0.7% ??????????????????????? ? 0.2%

??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? 84% ????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? (???????) ???????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[94] ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (????) ???????????????????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????, ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1^[95] ?????????????????????????????????? 6 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[96]^[97]

????

????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 1920 ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???? 1945^[98] ?????????????????????????? ? ??????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????^[99]^[100]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 700 ???? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? 270 ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? 1930 ??????????????????????? ? ???????????????? (Indos) ??????? 240,000 ???? 0.4% ?????????????????^[101] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 350 ??^[102] ????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????

???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? 9 ?? ?????????????????????????? 1 ?????????????????????? 3 ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 2 ?????? ??? ???????????????????????? (General primary school) ????????????????????????????????????????? (Special primary school for handicapped children)

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? 6 ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????

????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? 6 ????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????
????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ????????????????????? 3-4 ?? ???????? 2 ?? ????????? 3 ?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????

???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 243 ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 4.8 ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3.3% ??? GDP ???? 2016^[103] ??????????????????????????????????????? (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2014 ????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? (??? 62.3 ?????? 1990 ???? 71.7 ?????? 2019) ?????????????????????????????????? (??? 84 ????????????????????? 1,000 ?????? 1990 ???? 25.4 ?????? 2017)^[104] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????

????????

????????????????????????????????????????? 2 ???????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? (?????????????????)^[105]^[106] ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????^[3]^[107] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 9 ?????? ???? ?????????? (????????????????????), ????????, ????????????????????? ???????^[108]

???????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????? ? ??? ??????????? (rumah adat) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????^[109] ???? ?????????????????????????????, ????????????????????????????, ???????????????, ??????????????? ??????????????, ??????? ??? ????????????????????????? ???????????, ??????????????????????? ???????????????????? (????) ??? ????? (??????)

????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????

??????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[110] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? Ulos of Batak ???????????????; Songket ??????????? Minangkabau ??????????; ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????

???????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????? ???????? (Barong Dance) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????^[111]

????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? 3,000 ???^[112] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????-???? ???????????????????? ????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????^[113]

???????????? ???????????????

????? (?????????) ??? ????????????????????????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????^[114] ?????????????????????? ? ?????? ??????????? Ludruk ??? Ketoprak, ????????????????????, ?????? ????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ???? Teater Koma ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????? ????? ???????? (Loetoeng Kasaroeng) ???????????????????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? 6 ????????????????? 1949 ????????????? 58 ?????????? 1955 ??????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1950 ??? 1960^[115] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????^[116] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1980^[117] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? Pengabdi Setan (1980), Nagabonar (1987), Tjoet Nja' Dhien (1988), Catatan Si Boy (1989) ????????????????? Warkop^[118]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1998 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? 2000 ??? 2005 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[119] ???? 2016 ?????????????? DKI Reborn: Jangkrik Boss Part 1 ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 6.8 ??????^[120] ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? (Festival Film Indonesia) ??????????????????? ? ???????????? 1955 ???????????? Citra Award ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? 1973 ??? 1992 ???????????????????????????? 2004 ??????????????????????????????????

?????

????????????????????????????????????^[121]^[122] ????????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????^[123] ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????????????^[124]

????????????????? ??????????, ????-????, ??????, ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ?.?. 2014^[122] ???????????????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? 2017 ??????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????? "?????"^[125] ???????????????????????????? ???? ????, ?????? ???????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????? ????-???? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????

????

?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????^[126] ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? Thomas and Uber Cup ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1958 ?????? 2 ?????????????????? 1987 ??? 1991 ???????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? 1996 ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????

???????

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